寫(xiě)好作文有三個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，分別為統(tǒng)一性、完整性，連貫性，下面，我們就來(lái)對(duì)這三個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)做一詳細(xì)說(shuō)明。

　　首先，一個(gè)段落必須有一個(gè)中心即主題思想，該中心由主題句特別是其中的題旨來(lái)表達(dá)。整個(gè)段落必須緊扣這個(gè)主題(stick or hold to the topic)，這就是段落的統(tǒng)一性(unity)。其次，一個(gè)段落必須有若干推展句，使主題思想得到充分展開(kāi)，從而給讀者一個(gè)完整的感覺(jué)，這就是完整性(completeness or adequateness)。再者，一個(gè)段落不是雜亂無(wú)章的，而是有機(jī)的組合，句子的排列順序必須合乎邏輯，從一個(gè)句子到另一個(gè)句子的過(guò)渡必須流暢(smooth)，這就是連貫性(coherence)。

　　1. 統(tǒng)一性

　　一個(gè)段落內(nèi)的各個(gè)句子必須從屬于一個(gè)中心，任何游離于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。請(qǐng)看下例：

　　Joe and I decided to take the long trip we'd always wanted across the country. We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life. Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie. We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country. We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park. Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner. To our surprise, we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much, and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico.

　　本段的主題句是段首句，controlling idea(中心思想)是take the long trip across the country。文中出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)irrelevant sentences，一個(gè)是Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie，這 一段是講的是Joe and I ，中間出現(xiàn)一個(gè)Bella是不合適的。還有，Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner這一句更是與主題句不相關(guān)。考生在四級(jí)統(tǒng)考的作文卷上常常因?yàn)樵斐?irrelevant sentences(不相關(guān)語(yǔ)句)而丟分，值得引起注意。再看一個(gè)例子：

　　My name is Roseanna, and I like to keep physically fit. I used to weigh two hundred pounds, but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program. In one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again. I bought two new suitcases last week. Everyday I practice jogging three miles, swimming fifteen laps, lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. My mother was a premature baby.

　　本段的controlling idea 是like to deep physically fit，但段中有兩個(gè)irrelevant sentences，一個(gè)是I bought two new suitcases last week，另一個(gè)是My mother was a premature baby。

　　從上面兩個(gè)例子可以看出，native speakers同樣會(huì)造出來(lái)irrelevant sentences。卷面上如果這種句子多了，造成偏題或離題，那問(wèn)題就更嚴(yán)重了。

　　2. 完整性

　　正象我們前面說(shuō)得那樣，一個(gè)段落的主題思想靠推展句來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)，如果只有主題句而沒(méi)有推展句來(lái)進(jìn)一步交待和充實(shí)，就不能構(gòu)成一個(gè)完整的段落。同樣，雖然有推展句，但主題思想沒(méi)有得到相對(duì)圓滿(mǎn)的交待，給讀者一種意猶未盡的感覺(jué)。這樣的段落也不能完成其交際功能。例如：

　　Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil. Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task. Besides, it is more useful to work ---- you produce something rather than more anxiety or depression.

　　本段的主題句是段首句。本段的兩個(gè)推展句均不能回答主題句中提出的問(wèn)題。什么是 "a mind in turmoil"(心境不平靜)Physical work又如何能改變這種情況?為什么它能起therapy的作用?讀者得不到明確的答案。

　　段首句所表達(dá)的主題思想是一種看法，必須有具體事例加以驗(yàn)證。上述兩個(gè)推展句只是在文字上對(duì)主題作些解釋?zhuān)�整個(gè)段落內(nèi)容空洞，簡(jiǎn)而不明。如果用一兩個(gè)具體的例子的話(huà)，就可以把主題解釋清楚了。比如下段：

　　It is not always true that a picture is worth a thousand words. Sometimes, pictures are pretty useless things. If you can't swim and fall in the river and start gulping water, will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning, or start screaming "Help"?

　　3.連貫性(coherence)

　　連貫性包括意連和形連兩個(gè)方面，前者指的是內(nèi)在的邏輯性，后者指的是使用轉(zhuǎn)換詞語(yǔ)。當(dāng)然這兩者常常是不可分割的。只有形連而沒(méi)有意連，句子之間就沒(méi)有內(nèi)在的有機(jī)的聯(lián)系;反之，只有意連而沒(méi) 有形連，有時(shí)行文就不夠流暢。

　　1) 意連

　　段落中句子的排列應(yīng)遵循一定的次序，不能想到什么就寫(xiě)什么。如果在下筆之前沒(méi)有構(gòu)思，邊寫(xiě)邊想，寫(xiě)寫(xiě)停停，那就寫(xiě)不出一氣呵成的好文章來(lái)。下面介紹幾種常見(jiàn)的排列方式。

　　A.按時(shí)間先后排列(chronological arrangement)

　　We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose, it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast; we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine o'clock. Then, when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours ----- it must have been close to noon ---- the heat nearly hid us in; the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down. By the time we reached the mountain, it was four o'clock and we were exhausted. Here, judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit, not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert. Sure enough, by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff, dragging Mohammed and me along with him. By nine, when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit, we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day.

　　本段從 "rose"(起床)寫(xiě)起，然后是吃早餐("not to miss breakfast", "closing at nine o'clock")，然后是 "close to noon"，一直寫(xiě)到這一天結(jié)束("By nine--")。

　　B. 按位置遠(yuǎn)近排列(spatial arrangement)。例如：

　　From a distance, it looked like a skinny tube, but as we got closer, we could see it flesh out before our eyes. It was tubular, all right, but fatter than we could see from far away. Furthermore, we were also astonished to notice that the building was really in two parts: a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular one-story structure. Standing ten feet away, we could marvel at how much of the pagoda was made up of glass windows. Almost everything under the wonderful Chinese roof was made of glass, unlike the tube that it was sitting on, which only had four. Inside, the tube was gloomy, because of the lack of light. Then a steep, narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda and the light changed dramatically. All those windows let in a flood of sunshine and we could see out for miles across the flat land.

　　本段的寫(xiě)法是由遠(yuǎn)及近，從遠(yuǎn)處("from a distance")寫(xiě)起，然后"get closer"，再到(" ten feet away")，最后是 "inside the pagoda"……當(dāng)然，按位置遠(yuǎn)近來(lái)寫(xiě)不等于都是由遠(yuǎn)及 近。根據(jù)需要，也可以由近及遠(yuǎn)，由表及里等等。

　　C. 按邏輯關(guān)系排列(logical arrangement)

　　a. 按重要性順序排列(arrangement in order of importance)

　　If you work as a soda jerker, you will, of course, not need much skill in expressing yourself to be effective. If you work on a machine, your ability to express yourself will be of little importance. But as soon as you move one step up from the bottom, your effectiveness depends on your ability to reach others through the spoken or the written word. And the further away your job is from manual work, the larger the organization of which you are an employee, the more important it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in writing or speaking. In the very large business organization, whether it is the government, the large corporation, or the Army, this ability to express oneself is perhaps the most important of all the skills a man can possess.

　　這一段談的是表達(dá)能力，它的重要性與職業(yè)，身份有關(guān)，從"not need much skill"或 "of little importance"到 "more important"，最后是 "most important"。

　　b.由一般到特殊排列(general-to-specific arrangement)

　　If a reader is lost, it is generally because the writer has not been careful enough to keep him on the path. This carelessness can take any number of forms. Perhaps a sentence is so excess.