關(guān)于【SAT語法】的一切!SAT語法固定搭配、?碱}型、語法體系、考試經(jīng)驗等……立思辰留學(xué)360老師在這里教您SAT語法葵花寶典十招(大家見招拆招吧)
v1、選項中含有 having/being 的 95%是錯的
SAT中沒有being that表原因的用法,也沒有my being late 等這么awkward的用法,能用being的只有1.表示進行被動;2在介詞后 i strolled at night alone at the risk of being raped.!!
v2、在 SAT 語法中 there be 句型表示自然存在的,原文中有 there be70%是錯的
v3、平行形式 A, B and C 中一定是 and 連接,而不是 as well as
v4、動詞優(yōu)于形容詞優(yōu)于抽象名詞
v5、主動優(yōu)于被動,連詞優(yōu)于介詞
v6、介詞加 which 優(yōu)于 where(which 前是什么介詞不考)
v7、賓語從句 that 不省
v8、this/that 在SAT中指代整句話絕對是錯誤的
v9、沒有 do it / them / that 只有 do so
v10、表示是否只能用 whether , 不使用 if 和 whether ~ or not
SAT語法49題出錯控制在3個以下,一個是習(xí)慣用法,一個是no error(大家可千萬別沒有勇氣下手,這個概率可是每套卷子都有2-5個左右),下面是歷年及OG上的一些習(xí)慣用法,大家平常在做練習(xí)的時候也多積累一些吧!
· a number of = many(后面動詞用復(fù)數(shù))
· associate A with B 把 A 和 B 聯(lián)系起來 be associated with
· at a (great)distance
· attempt to do sth = in an attempt to do sth
· attribute sth to; be attributed to
· be absorbed in 致力于
· be essible/inessible to
· be ustomed to 習(xí)慣于
· be committed to / commit oneself to / commit one’s life to 致力于
· be compared to/with be inconsistent / consistent with 與……不一致/ 與……一致 be dedicated to doing 致力于
· be exposed to 暴露于 be familiar to/with
· be responsible for (doing) sth
· be similar to be subjected to
· cause/lead/enable/force/order/allow/permit/expect/persuade sb to do
· sth
· consist of 由……組成
· differ from = be different from…
· draw on/upon excel at doing 擅長于
· for the most part
· have impact on = have influence on
· have/take interest in
· in particular
· in the hope of doing sth = hope to do sth
· make contribution to = contribute to
· prefer A to B
· prohibit./prevent/keep sb from doing sth
· protect.... from
· regard/view/consider.... as....(常用被動:be regarded as…)
· result from / in....seed in doing sth = manage to do sth
· take ...into ount/consideration 考慮到……
· take advantage of 利用take offense at .... 因....發(fā)怒
· take pride in…=be proud of.... 以....為自豪
· tend to / have a tendency to do....有……的趨勢
·
· Use sth to do
· Threat to
· Manage to
· Be capable of
· In the hope of
· On the verge of
· consistent with
· Opposite to/of
· Arrive in/at
· Preupation with
· Comply with
· Afflict with
· Prevent from
· Deter from
· Keep from
· Have a tendency to do
· Far away from
· Far from
· Be particular about挑剔/in 特別
·
然后給大家分享一下常考到的知識體系,希望語法部分盡量拿滿分。
一、?颊Z法體系(挑錯題 Identifying Sentence Errors)
1.主謂一致(Subject verb agreement)。
尤其是用于倒裝時,比如there be句型或地點狀語至于句首的倒裝情況,一定要找到真正的主語。通常一套writing里總會有一個倒裝句,并多為動詞部分出錯。
有插入語時,要勇敢的拋棄非中心部分,找到中心的主語。
主謂一致還會出現(xiàn)在一些固定用法中,但一般比較簡單,比如a number of + noun(復(fù)) vs. the number of + noun(單), 面包黃油,刀叉等等。
就近原則:there be句型, not only..., but also...; neither..., nor...; either..., or...
特殊名詞:“人群牛群警察群”單數(shù)名詞作復(fù)數(shù)。(people, cattle, police)
文學(xué)性的總稱都是不可數(shù)名詞。E.g. literature; poetry; prose.
2.平行結(jié)構(gòu)(parallel structure)。
注意and, or和but的用法。As well as是用于連接兩個并列的結(jié)構(gòu)。
另外尤其注意,在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中,中心一定是同類相比較。
A, B, and/or C形式的正確用法是,A, B, C可以是單詞或短語,并且一定都是同一形式的,如都是名詞,或都是動名詞短語。
3.形容詞副詞(adjective & adverb)
常考考點:形容詞副詞的混用及他們的比較級最高級。
Adj只可以修飾名詞,adv則可修飾除名詞外的大部分詞。er和more都可以表示比較級,但二者不可同時出現(xiàn)。
比較級和than要同存同亡(必須一起出現(xiàn))。
另外,副詞不可以連接兩個并列的句子,例如whereby。
Tips: 形容詞的應(yīng)用范圍不如副詞廣,通常比較容易是出錯的地方。
4.邏輯主語(logic subject)
當(dāng)分詞或者形容詞放在句首,一定要考慮它的主語問題。這種情況下,主語通常是人而不是物,而且是發(fā)出句首分詞描述的動作的那一個。
句型:Ving/Ved, S + V + O
特殊句型:when/while/as + adj, S + V + O
這個特殊句型是when/while/as + S + be + adj, S + V + O的簡略形式。但只有當(dāng)一個句子滿足以下條件時才可以省略從句中的主語和謂語。
條件:a. 主句和從句用的是同一套主謂。
b. 從句中有be動詞。
E.g. When she was young, she killed many men. (她年輕的時候迷死了很多男人)可以省略為When young, she killed many men.
5. 名詞和代詞(pronoun & noun)?伎键c:名詞單復(fù)數(shù)混淆;男女混淆;主格賓格混淆(賓格用于動詞賓語,介詞賓語和補語)
也會在their, it和they之間指代不明。(在后面修改句子的筆記中詳細(xì)說明;挑錯題一般只考單復(fù)數(shù)對應(yīng),很少考到指代不明。)
關(guān)于指代,跨段之間不能指代;it不能指代整個句子,只能指代一個名詞或動作;one和they之間,one和you之間都不可以相互指代。
另外,this不能單獨充當(dāng)主語和賓語,一定要有其他的名詞和它在一起。
反身代詞(oneself)不能單獨作主語。
常用指示代詞:which, that, who, whom, whose
其中that不可以引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句(即逗號后的定語從句),并且只有當(dāng)that在從句里作賓語或表語時,that才可以被省略。
E.g. This is the café that we always go to. 這句話中that是go to的賓語,所以可以省略為 This is the café we always go to.
6. 時態(tài)(tense)常考考點:時態(tài)的混用,多為過去完成時和一般過去時的混用,現(xiàn)在完成時和一般過去時的混用。Common mistake: have + 過去式(應(yīng)為過去分詞)
7. 固定搭配(這個就需要平時的積累了,上面已經(jīng)提供不少了)。如果一個題有一項是在固定搭配的詞組下劃線,并且沒有錯,那么一般這個句子就沒有錯。
三、修改句子(Improving Sentences)1.修改句子的第一原則就是永遠(yuǎn)不能改變原句的意思,結(jié)構(gòu)和關(guān)系。
原文中沒有的單詞(尤其是表示轉(zhuǎn)折、因果的關(guān)系詞),在選項中出現(xiàn)了,就是改變句意及關(guān)系了;同理,原文中已有的關(guān)系,在選項中被省略了,也是改變了句意。
如果原句是復(fù)合句(即主句+從句),選項中出現(xiàn)簡單句或并列句(兩個平行的句子),就是改變原句的結(jié)構(gòu)了。
2.簡潔原則。
表示原因的時候,because永遠(yuǎn)是最簡潔的表達方式,比because of簡潔。
主動語態(tài)比被動語態(tài)簡潔。
直接表達比間接更為簡潔。E.g. there be < it is
動詞短語比名詞短語更為簡潔。E.g. doing sth > one’s doing sth
doing sth > the doing of sth
3.逗號永遠(yuǎn)不能單獨連接兩個并列的句子。
正確修改方法:在逗號后面加連接詞或?qū)⒍禾柛臑榉痔枴?/P>
錯誤修改方式:逗號后加介詞或副詞。
4.邏輯主語:同挑錯題的語法。
5.含有having和being的選項一定不選(不簡潔表達方式)。
6.時態(tài)的對應(yīng)(同挑錯題語法)。
7.名次及代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)對應(yīng)(同挑錯題語法)。
8.平行結(jié)構(gòu)(同挑錯題語法):
A, B, and /or C (平行結(jié)構(gòu),A,B,C必須是同一個形式的單詞或短語)
同類相比較:e.g. I swim better than him(he does).
The population of China is larger than that of the U.S.
9.固定短語。
比較常見到的有:had just/hardly.... , when....
just as... , so....
so much... as.... , not any more....
10.同位語。
N1, N2 + V + O
只有當(dāng)N1和N2 呈同位語時(簡單的說,即N1和N2指的其實是同一個subject),上面的句子才正確。
E.g. My grammar teacher (N1), LNN (N2), is a pretty lady.
11.雷區(qū)——代詞劃線,指代不明(重點)。
指代明確的條件:they和it都只能指代之錢的唯一一個復(fù)數(shù)或單數(shù)名詞,并且符合結(jié)構(gòu)指代,即主語指代主語,賓語指代賓語。
當(dāng)修改句子的題目中代詞部分被劃線而且判斷出是指代不明,只選擇不含任何同樣代詞的句子。
任何代詞都不能指代一個句子,只能指代一個句子成分。
跨段之間不能指代。
一個句子里如果有兩個或以上的同樣的代詞,這些代詞必須指代的是同一個成分。
This不能單獨充當(dāng)主語或賓語。
One和you/they不能互相指代。
12.插入語。
S,插入語,V + O.
這個句型里的V一定是單獨的動詞(和時態(tài)及主語的單復(fù)數(shù)對應(yīng)),不可以用Ving/代詞+V/which + V.
E.g. Usually most students of this college, from faculty of science to faculty of arts, have opportunities to go abroad for exchange programs.
13.當(dāng)句首出現(xiàn)as/like/of N1, 后面的主語N2要和前面as/like/of之后的名詞呈同位語關(guān)系。
E.g. As a responsible teacher (N1), Mr. Lee (N2) always prepares his lesson carefully before hand.
14.標(biāo)點
除了經(jīng)常遇到的逗號的問題之外,破折號和冒號有時也會出現(xiàn)。并且通常含有這兩個標(biāo)點符號的選項都是錯誤的。
15.指示代詞。
結(jié)構(gòu)指代:S1+ V1 + O1. S2 + V2 +O2. 兩句之間必須是主語指代主語,賓語指代賓語。
S + V + O, which/who........ 有逗號的是非限定性定語從句,從句指代距離最近的名詞(賓語)的中心詞。(that不可以引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句)
E.g. I borrowed this book from the daughter of my math teacher who has always been very nice to me. (限定性定語從句,從句修飾的是my math teacher)
I borrowed this book from the daughter of my math teacher, who has always been very nice to me. (非限定性定語從句,從句修飾的是the daughter)
16.當(dāng)句首出現(xiàn)the reason,選項里含有be that的就是正確的。
當(dāng)句子中出現(xiàn)the reason that .... , 語義等于because,選項中含有because的就是正確的。
17.Who, whom, which, what之后的從句只能是殘缺的(缺少主語或賓語)。
E.g. He is the one who broke the world record recently. (缺少主語)
This album is what we are looking for. (缺少賓語)
18.動詞不定式(to + 動詞原形)出現(xiàn)在句首和句中都表示將來或目的。如果原文中沒有出現(xiàn)不定式,選項中含有不定式的都是錯誤的。
19.當(dāng)表示“是否”時,whether比if用到的范圍要廣。當(dāng)whether和if同時出現(xiàn)時,選擇有whether的而不選if。
Whether.... or not是正確的,而if..... or not是不正確的。
General Tips:
1.語法部分時間安排:修改句子(8分鐘)+ 挑錯題(9分鐘)+ 修改文章(6分鐘)+ 涂卡,檢查(2分鐘)
2.having和being出現(xiàn)在句中都是錯誤的,但放在句首可能是正確的。
3.挑錯題中alike, until, unless劃線的選項一般不考慮(這幾的詞的用法在SAT語法考試中通常不會出錯)。
4.關(guān)于挑錯題中的E選項(no error)。
考生通常不敢輕易選E。其實選E的題目多數(shù)時候是在考固定搭配,如果固定搭配沒有錯,通常整個句子都沒有錯。
5. 文章修改(Improving Paragraphs)中的題型一共有3大類,分別是處置一個句子(reproduce a single sentence),合并句子(reproduce two sentences)和主旨題。如同閱讀一樣,主旨題要放在最后去做。處置一個句子的題目中,一個句子只有一個錯誤,并且不用考慮選項中的修改是否正確,只需要看選項修改的是不是原句中真正出錯的位置。只要正確地挑出錯誤,就是正確答案。合并句子一般都是在兩句中間添加關(guān)系詞或連接詞,使它變成一個長句。
6.跨段之間不能指代,每段的開頭絕不可以用代詞開頭。
狀語從句整理: 主要用來修飾主句或主句的謂語。一般可分為九大類,分別表示時間、地點、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、比較和方式。盡管種類較多,但由于狀語從句與漢語結(jié)構(gòu)和用法相似,所以理解和掌握它并不難。狀語從句的關(guān)鍵是要掌握引導(dǎo)不同狀語從句的常用連接詞和特殊的連接詞即考點。現(xiàn)分別列舉如下:
1. 時間狀語從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞:when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until
特殊引導(dǎo)詞:the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day,the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … when
I didn’t realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.
While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.
The children ran away from the orchard(果園) the moment they saw the guard.
No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.注意時態(tài)
Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.
2. 地點狀語從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞:where
特殊引導(dǎo)詞:wherever, anywhere, everywhere
Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.沒先行詞,所以是狀語從句,不是定語從句
Wherever you go, you should work hard.
3. 原因狀語從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞:because, since, as, since
特殊引導(dǎo)詞:seeing that因為, now that, in that, considering that, given that, considering that, inasmuch as, insomuch as
My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and sessful.
Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our conference.
The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.
Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.
4. 目的狀語從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞:so that, in order that
特殊引導(dǎo)詞:lest, in case, for fear that,in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that
The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.
The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.
5. 結(jié)果狀語從句 目的狀從和表結(jié)果的并列句或者結(jié)果狀語從句特別容易混淆,目的是主觀,一般未發(fā)生,結(jié)果是客觀事實,是已發(fā)生的。
常用引導(dǎo)詞:so … that, so… that, such … that,
特殊引導(dǎo)詞:such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,
He got up so early that he caught the first bus.
It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it.
To such an degree was he excited that he couldn’t sleep last night.
An earl rebel in Lundon so that the message rode the house to tell the king.錯,應(yīng)用so,沒有that
6. 條件狀語從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞:if, unless, 重點考虛擬語氣,第十部分講解
特殊引導(dǎo)詞:as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition that
We’ll start our project if the president agrees.
You will certainly seed so long as you keep on trying.
Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.
7. 讓步狀語從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞:though, although, even if, even though
特殊引導(dǎo)詞: as(用在讓步狀語從句中必須要倒裝),while ( 一般用在句首,反之不一定 ),no matter …, in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever
Much as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal.
盡管我很尊敬他, 我卻不同意他的建議。
The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.
No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.
He won’t listen whatever you may say.
8. 比較狀語從句,第6章要展開講
常用引導(dǎo)詞:as(同級比較), than(不同程度的比較)
特殊引導(dǎo)詞:the more … the more … ; just as …, so…; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no … more than; not so much A as B 與其A ,不如B
She is as bad-tempered as her mother.
The house is three times as big as ours.
The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.
Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人,猶如油之于機器。(類比的修辭手法)
9. 方式狀語從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞:as, as if, how
特殊引導(dǎo)詞:the way
When in Rome, do as the Roman do.
She behaved as if she were the boss.
Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.
注意: because 不可以和 so 一起聯(lián)用, though (although) 不可以和 but 一起聯(lián)用。